???? ??

???? ??
??	1886? 5? 4?
??	?? ????? ???
??
?????????	??? ????
?? ??
??? 4?; ??? 70? ??; ??? 100? ??	??? 7?; ??? 60?

???? ??(??: Haymarket affair) ?? ???? ??(??: Haymarket riot)? 1886? 5? 4?, ?? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ? ?? ??? ??????.^[1] ??? ??? ? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? 8?? ???? ???? ?? ?? ????? ??? ?? ?? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ???. ?? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?? ?? ??? ? ? ??? ???, ?? ??? ??? ???.

?? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?????. ?? ??? ?? ? ? ?? ??? ???? ? ??? ? ????, ?? ?? ?? ? ? ??? ??? ??? ???.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5] ?? ? ?? ???? ???, ??? ? ???? ?? 15?? ?????. ??? ? ? ?? ???? ??? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???, ? ?? ???? ???? ?? ????. ??? ? ?? 1887? 11? 11? ???? ????. 1893? ?? ???? ??? ? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????.

????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ??-?(August Spies)? ?? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??.

“

??? ??????? ????? ??? ? ??? ?????, ??? ?? ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ? ??? ????? ?? ????! ???? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ???, ?? ???, ??? ?? ??? ???? ??? ?? ???? ???. ??? ???? ???? ????. ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ????, ?? ??? ?? ???.^[6]

”

???? ??? ?????? ??? ? ?? ???? ????.^[7]^[8] ?? ?? ??? 1992? ??? ??? ???? ???(Landmark)? ?????,^[9] 2004? ? ??? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ??? ???? ???? 1997? ?????? ?????.^[10]

????? William J. Adelman ??? ???, “???? ?? ??, ??? ??, ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ? ? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???. ??? 1886? 5? 4?? ??? ??????, ? ??? ?? ????? ??? ?? ? ??. ???? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???, ? ? ??? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ??? ?? ??.”^[11]

?? ??

??

↑ “Originally at the corner of Des Plaines and Randolph”. Cityofchicago.org. 2009? 5? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 3? 18?? ???.
↑ Timothy Messer-Kruse, The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks (2012)
↑ Smith, Carl. “Act III: Toils of the Law”. 《The Dramas of Haymarket》. Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University. 2012? 6? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 6? 14?? ???.
↑ See generally, Gilmer, Harry L. (1886? 7? 28?). “Testimony of Harry L. Gilmer, Illinois vs. August Spies et al.”. 《Haymarket Affair Digital Collection》. Chicago Historical Society. 2008? 1? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.
↑ See generally,Thompson, Malvern M. (1886? 7? 27?). “Testimony of Malvern M. Thompson, Illinois vs. August Spies et al.”. 《Haymarket Affair Digital Collection》. Chicago Historical Society. 2008? 1? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.
↑ [I]f you think that by hanging us you can stamp out the labor movement — the movement from which the downtrodden millions, the millions who toil and live in want and misery, the wage slaves, expect salvation — if this is your opinion, then hang us! Here you will tread upon a spark, but here, and there and behind you, and in front of you, and everywhere the flames will blaze up. It is a subterranean fire. You cannot put it out. The ground is on fire upon which you stand.
↑ Trachtenberg, Alexander (March 2002) [1932]. 《The History of May Day》. Marxists.org. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.
↑ Foner, "The First May Day and the Haymarket Affair", May Day, pp. 27–39.
↑ “Site of the Haymarket Tragedy”. City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. 2006? 7? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.
↑ “Lists of National Historic Landmarks”. 《National Historic Landmarks Program》. National Park Service. March 2004. 2008? 7? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.
↑ “The Haymarket Affair”. illinoislaborhistory.org. 2014? 3? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 3? 19?? ???.

?? ??

????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ??? ??? ????.

[1] “Originally at the corner of Des Plaines and Randolph”. Cityofchicago.org. 2009? 5? 6?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 3? 18?? ???.

[2] Timothy Messer-Kruse, The Haymarket Conspiracy: Transatlantic Anarchist Networks (2012)

[3] Smith, Carl. “Act III: Toils of the Law”. 《The Dramas of Haymarket》. Chicago Historical Society and Northwestern University. 2012? 6? 4?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2012? 6? 14?? ???.

[4] See generally, Gilmer, Harry L. (1886? 7? 28?). “Testimony of Harry L. Gilmer, Illinois vs. August Spies et al.”. 《Haymarket Affair Digital Collection》. Chicago Historical Society. 2008? 1? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.

[5] See generally,Thompson, Malvern M. (1886? 7? 27?). “Testimony of Malvern M. Thompson, Illinois vs. August Spies et al.”. 《Haymarket Affair Digital Collection》. Chicago Historical Society. 2008? 1? 15?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.

[6] [I]f you think that by hanging us you can stamp out the labor movement — the movement from which the downtrodden millions, the millions who toil and live in want and misery, the wage slaves, expect salvation — if this is your opinion, then hang us! Here you will tread upon a spark, but here, and there and behind you, and in front of you, and everywhere the flames will blaze up. It is a subterranean fire. You cannot put it out. The ground is on fire upon which you stand.

[7] Trachtenberg, Alexander (March 2002) [1932]. 《The History of May Day》. Marxists.org. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.

[8] Foner, "The First May Day and the Haymarket Affair", May Day, pp. 27–39.

[Chicago-Landmark-9] “Site of the Haymarket Tragedy”. City of Chicago Department of Planning and Development, Landmarks Division. 2003. 2006? 7? 14?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.

[nhlsum-10] “Lists of National Historic Landmarks”. 《National Historic Landmarks Program》. National Park Service. March 2004. 2008? 7? 9?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2008? 1? 19?? ???.

[11] “The Haymarket Affair”. illinoislaborhistory.org. 2014? 3? 18?? ?? ???? ??? ??. 2014? 3? 19?? ???.

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20??	???? ??1895–1929?) ???? ????(1903–04?) ??? ?? ??(1905?) ???????? ??(1909?) ???????? ?? ??((1910–11?) ??????–????? ??(1912?) ??? ?? ??(1912?) ??????? ????(1912–21?) ???? ????(1913–14?) ??? ??(1914?) ????? ??(1913-1914?) ??? ?? ??(1914?) ???? ?? ??(1920?) ??? ???(1920?) ??? ? ??(1921?) ?????(1922?) ?? ??(1922?) ???? ??(1924?) ???? ??(1931–32?) ??? ????(1936–37?) ?? ???? ??(1937?) ???? ?? ??(1950?-1951?)

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